Case studies

Research activities

Research methodology: One preliminary phase will serve to learn, re-identify, or re-frame the issues at hand, followed by three deliberation panels to identify leverages and pre-conditions of change, and co-create solutions.

Deliberation phase: In the deliberation phase, participants will be encouraged to identify the preconditions and leverages for change using the Theory of Change and Participatory System Mapping. Two deliberation panels will run simultaneously, one with local policymakers and other relevant stakeholders (outer dimension), and one with citizens (inner dimension). In the last deliberation panel, roadmaps and strategies to reach the expected outcomes will be developed for the 4 case studies on the basis of results the Theories of Change and Participatory System Mapping carried out in the previous deliberation panels. A deliberative arena will enable a structured discussion about the pathways towards the outcomes to 1) validate general coherence and feasibility of scenarios/roadmaps, 2) to propose changes and improvements to the Theories of Change, and 3) to select the strategies more likely to be successful for the specific case and context.

Case study on involvement

CS #1: Involvement – Spanish energy communities with a focus on socioeconomic vulnerability and gender

Energy community of Jabalcón: In Zújar (Granada) the initiative to create an energy community got underway in 2021 by a group of residents and was supported by the energy cooperative Cooperase and by the city council of Zújar. Today the community counts 33 members, including residents, cooperatives, the irrigation community, and the representatives of the town council, and 60% of the participants are women, Spanish and mostly from the middle class with medium to high education levels. It is not yet operational, but the cooperative Nuestra Señora de la Cabeza has ceded its building roof for installation, while Cooperase supports the process based on the previous experience in Monachil.  This case study focuses on the empowerment of women in rural areas to play a more active role in the energy transition and on the main barriers for their involvement.

CS #1: Involvement – Spanish energy communities with a focus on socioeconomic vulnerability 

Case study on civic engagement

CS # 2: Civic engagement – Food Solidarity in Turin (IT)

Food Solidarity (Solidarietà Alimentare): Food Solidarity is a voluntary organization born in Turin during the Covid-19 lockdown. It is a movement of university students who went to the CAAT (Turin Agrifood Centre) to find surplus food to distribute to needy families during the 2020 lockdown, initially in cooperation with the Borello supermarket chain and later using European funds to purchase and distribute dry food and hygiene products. At the operational level, students reached CAAT every Friday and met with representatives of migrant communities who acted as intermediaries. Food Solidarity entered a convention with the Municipality of Turin for interventions related to the management of the state of health emergency Covid-19 (distribution of food aid and basic necessities, as well as social mediation and proximity actions) with associations including foreign communities or working for a long time in the field of social integration. The aim of the research is to reconstruct the social and relational dynamics that led a limited number of individuals to organise themselves autonomously in civil society, outside institutions and without guidance from the authorities, to respond to the social emergency produced by the pandemic. A further objective is to analyse the subsequent interaction of these phenomena with the local authorities, and to assess the latter’s capacity to identify, enhance and coordinate the social response to the food emergency produced by Covid-19 and the distancing measures required to deal with the crisis.

Case study on formal political participation

CS #3: Formal political participation – Participatory processes promoted by government in Northern Europe

Biodiversity initiative in the city of Tartu: The local government, in collaboration with the University of Tartu, aims at achieving self-sustaining systems of biodiversity development. Residents from diverse socio-economic and cultural background are closely involved in the development of landscape interventions to ensure their participation in the planning, implementation, and maintenance phases. Organizations (public universities, schools, clinics, museums), private (real estate and landscape maintenance service providers, gardening centers, landscape architectural offices, media), non-profit (including apartment owners’ associations and numerous citizen initiatives) are viewed as anchors promoting biodiversity and green transition, an approach which is quite innovative in Europe. The initiative started in autumn 2022, and so far, the negotiations and the planning of the activities have been carried out. The project promotes unique participation paths that can be evaluated and whose transferability may be examined. For instance, intervention plots will serve to enhance climate education and literacy among the citizens and to train stakeholders. The aim is to spread the knowledge and successfully implement biodiversity programs and to create need-based community networks for promoting green transition.

Small modular reactors (SMRs) in Espoo: In 2022, the Finnish Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment launched a comprehensive reform of the Nuclear Energy Act (NEA) of 1987 which also considers the regulation of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) (e.g., licensing) as an alternative to decarbonize electricity and heat production. The draft is expected to be submitted for consultation in 2024, while the law is expected to enter into force in 2028. The NEA defines, among other things, the decision-making powers of the host municipality and the consultation of residents. The City of Espoo is exploring the possibility to locate a SMR in the city. The council initiative was launched in 2017, and the city is investigating the siting of the plant. If the plant was to be connected to the district heating network, it would have to be located relatively close to dense urban settlements. Thus, the participation of residents in decision-making would become a key issue. The comprehensive reform of the NEA hence creates a framework for decision-making, communication, and public participation. The case study will enable to investigate the expectations of key stakeholders (local decision-makers, energy company, ministry, nuclear safety authority etc) regarding SMR technology and arrangements, as well as how civic participation impacts legislative reform, and how local decision-makers think civic participation is linked to representative democracy. This case study will account for diverse stakeholder perspectives on a more controversial issue, without imposing the installation of the SMRs as a prerequisite in the deliberation: the city of Espoo has not made a political decision on small nuclear power yet.

Case study on activism

CS #4: Activism – WESTBAHNPARK.JETZT (AT)

WESTBAHNPARK: The Westbahnhof railway station in Vienna has divided the surrounding urban area into two distinct sections since the mid-19th century, with financial constraints preventing the integration of the northern and southern parts.  In 2019, the Büro für lustige Angelegenheiten (BLA) launched the WESTBAHNPARK initiative, which has since then split into two intitiatives WESTBAHNPARK.LIVE and WESTBAHNPARK.JETZT. These initiatives are advocating for the transformation of a 1.2-kilometer railway corridor behind the Westbahnhof into a public park. This represents an opportunity to increase green space in Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus, one of Vienna’s most densely populated districts, where the per capita green space is a mere 3 m². The project aims to mitigate urban heat, improve airflow corridors, and enhance connectivity between the district’s northern and southern sections through bottom-up tactical urbanism (Lydon & Garcia, 2015). The installation of the world’s longest swimming mane is a landmark intervention to date.  With over 11,700 signatures, the initiative has gained significant public support. In 2022, the city of Vienna, in cooperation with ÖBB (Austrian Federal Railways), developed a formal urban development concept, “Mitte 15”, for the area around the Westbahnhof. They launched a participatory process, engaging urban policymakers, planners, and residents through discussions, workshops, and virtual reality simulations. The current version includes fragmented green spaces, terrasses for public space, housing projects, underground parking, a logistics center, and additional crossings of the railway tracks separating the district. The initiatives WESTBAHNPARK.LIVE and WESTBAHNPARK.JETZT criticize this plan, proposing a climate-friendly, more nature-based design with trees and water features. This case study represents a vivid and urgent example of manifest political participation aimed at a bottom-up transformation of an urban area into a public and recreational space. Ongoing dialogue between the city, the initiative and residents remain crucial for shaping the future of this project and ensuring a collaborative, sustainable urban transformation.